California [I’ve highlighted key phrases]:
11165.7.
(a) As used in this article, "mandated reporter" is defined as any of the following:
….(32) A clergy member, as specified in subdivision (c) of Section 11166. As used in this article, "clergy member" means a priest, minister, rabbi, religious practitioner, or similar functionary of a church, temple, or recognized denomination or organization.
11166.
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (c), a mandated reporter shall make a report to an agency specified in Section 11165.9 whenever the mandated reporter, in his or her professional capacity or within the scope of his or her employment, has knowledge of or observes a child whom the mandated reporter knows or reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or neglect. The mandated reporter shall make a report to the agency immediately or as soon as is practicably possible by telephone, and the mandated reporter shall prepare and send a written report thereof within 36 hours of receiving the information concerning the incident.
11166.
(c) (1) A clergy member who acquires knowledge or a reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect during a penitential communication is not subject to subdivision (a). For the purposes of this subdivision, "penitential communication" means a communication, intended to be in confidence, including, but not limited to, a sacramental confession, made to a clergy member who, in the course of the discipline or practice of his or her church, denomination, or organization, is authorized or accustomed to hear those communications, and under the discipline, tenets, customs, or practices of his or her church, denomination, or organization, has a duty to keep those communications secret.
According to this statute elders in California have no duty to report child abuse if they suspect it based on something they are told by a perpetrator as a confession intended to be confidential. The same thing would apply if a victim presented their victimization under the similar circumstances. However, exactly how and under what circumstances an elder comes to know of child abuse is very important here. If there is no doubt that the suspicion is learned in a circumstance other than “penitential communication” then they have a statutory duty to report.
An example where an elder would, according to this statute, have to report would be if they learned of the abuse from a victim seeking protection from further abuse. An example where, under this statute, an elder would not have to report would be if the same victim informed the elder for sake of gaining forgiveness for a sin they thought they were guilty of. The difference in these two examples is seeking protection fro further abuse versus seeking forgiveness (even though forgiveness is not needed). Seeking protection from further abuse is not penitential communication. Seeking forgiveness with the help of a person’s minister (elder) is penitential communication.
I want to make something clear here, though. When examining statutes for purposes of determining what is legal or illegal it is important to understand a distinction between statutory law and common law.
Statutory law is what any of us can find by reading through legislated laws, like the one above. It is written in a State’s law code. When lawyers refer to statutory laws they do this by “chapter and verse” because they are indexed in this tidy a fashion. Statutory laws are sometimes contradicted by other statutory laws.
Common law is how courts have applied law. It is found in court transcripts that are not always easy to find because they are not indexed like statutory law codes are. When lawyers refer to “case law” generally they are making the distinction between statutory and common law. When lawyers refer to case laws they never refer to them by chapter and verse because they are not indexed that tidily. They reference case law by the name of parties involved in the case (e.g., John Doe VS State of California). Common laws are oftentimes contradicted by how different courts have applied a single statutory law.
The difference between the statutory and common law can be enormous since in some cases courts have found aspects of statutory law as unconstitutional and therefore have simply ignored them at the point of application. This is where lawyers enter the picture. The main difference between lawyers and the rest of us is this: they have researched statutory law and how those laws have been applied by the courts, which is what makes common law.
The science of law is in the statutes. The art of law is how courts have applied law and therefore how they can be expected to apply law in the future. Adding to the art of practicing law is the fact that in practically any jurisdiction there is some variation in how laws are applied based on the disposition of a judge. This is why attorneys are very concerned about what judge hears what case. This means the art of practicing law sits at the crossroad of at least three things: 1) statutory law, 2) common law and 3) the disposition of judges in a given jurisdiction. Competent attorneys know which factors come to bear with the greatest influence for a given case. This is just a small part of why armchair lawyers (amateurs) can be very dangerous. They are dangerous because they can do anything from emboldening a victim into doing things that could ruin otherwise good results from the law, to discouraging a victim from doing something that is important to gaining the most favorable outcome from the law (e.g., seeking competent legal services).
In my comments about requirements for elders in California are based strictly on statutory law. What the common law of California would require I have no idea.
PS to Dungbeetle: I put this bit together before I saw your post about California law. This post is not intended to run over anything you’ve said.